References:
[1] B. E. de Pauw, “What Are Fungal Infections?,” Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis, vol. 3, no. 1, p. e2011001, 2011, doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2011.001.

[2] R. Mattassi, D. A. Loose, and M. Vaghi, “Principles of Diagnosis,” Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations: An Atlas of Diagnosis and Treatment, pp. 187–188, Apr. 1996, doi: 10.1007/978-88-470-5673-2_23.

[3] “Infectious Disease: Types, Causes & Treatments.” Accessed: Jan. 27, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://my.clevelandcli nic.org/health/diseases/17724-infectious-diseases

[4] D. Stoia, L. De Sio, F. Petronella, and M. Focsan, “Recent advances towards point-of-care devices for fungal detection: Emphasizing the role of plasmonic nanomaterials in current and future technologies,” BiosensBioelectron, vol. 255, p. 116243, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.BIOS.2024.116243.

[5] B. E. de Pauw, “What Are Fungal Infections?,” Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis, vol. 3, no. 1, p. e2011001, 2011, doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2011.001.

[6] W. Fang et al., “Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: challenges and recent developments,” Journal of Biomedical Science 2023 30:1, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–35, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1186/S12929-023-00926-2.

[7] A. H. Groll, P. M. Shah, C. Mentzel, M. Schneider, G. Just-Nuebling, and K. Huebner, “Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital,” J Infect, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 23–32, 1996, doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(96)92700-0.

[8] L. Martins-Santana, C. P. Rezende, A. Rossi, N. M. Martinez-Rossi, and F. Almeida, “Addressing Microbial Resistance Worldwide: Challenges over Controlling Life-Threatening Fungal Infections,” Pathogens, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 293, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/PATHOGENS12020293.

[9] T. Sar et al., “Resource recovery and treatment of wastewaters using filamentous fungi,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 951, p. 175752, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2024.175752.

[10] J. B. Konopka, A. Casadevall, J. W. Taylor, J. Heitman, and L. Cowen, “One Health: Fungal Pathogens of Humans, Animals, and Plants,” Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1128/AAMCOL.18OCT.2017.

[11] M. R. McGinnis and S. K. Tyring, “Introduction to Mycology,” Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, pp. 925–928, Apr. 1996, doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.part6.

[12] R. R. Achterman and T. C. White, “Dermatophytes,” Current Biology, vol. 23, no. 13, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1016/J.CUB.2013.03.026.

[13] T. J. Walsh and D. M. Dixon, “Spectrum of Mycoses,” Medical Microbiology, 1996, Accessed: Jan. 29, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7902/

[14] M. Gulati and C. J. Nobile, “Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms,” Microbes Infect, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 310–321, May 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.MICINF.2016.01.002.

[15] M. Pepi, R. Barretta, D. Simões, E. De Andrade, and R. Sabino, “Fungi in a One Health Perspective,” Encyclopedia 2023, Vol. 3, Pages 900-918, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 900–918, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ENCYCLOPEDIA3030064.

[16] M. Haque, M. Sartelli, J. McKimm, and M. A. Bakar, “Health care-associated infections – an overview,” Infect Drug Resist, vol. 11, p. 2321, 2018, doi: 10.2147/IDR.S177247.

[17] M. C. Arendrup, “Update on antifungal resistance in Aspergillus and Candida,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 42–48, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12513.

[18] N. A. R. Gow et al., “The importance of antimicrobial resistance in medical mycology,” Nature Communications 2022 13:1, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–12, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32249-5.

[19] C. R. Davies et al., “Evolving challenges and strategies for fungal control in the food supply chain,” Fungal Biol Rev, vol. 36, p. 15, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.FBR.2021.01.003.

[20] G. Wall and J. L. Lopez-Ribot, “Current Antimycotics, New Prospects, and Future Approaches to Antifungal Therapy,” Antibiotics, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 445, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ANTIBIOTICS9080445.

[21] J. T. Loh and K. P. Lam, “Fungal infections: Immune defense, immunotherapies and vaccines,” Adv Drug Deliv Rev, vol. 196, p. 114775, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.ADDR.2023.114775.

[22] Z. Li, G. Lu, and G. Meng, “Pathogenic Fungal Infection in the Lung,” Front Immunol, vol. 10, no. JUL, p. 1524, 2019, doi: 10.3389/FIMMU.2019.01524.

[23] J. L. Nates et al., “Septic shock in the immunocompromised cancer patient: a narrative review,” Critical Care 2024 28:1, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1186/S13054-024-05073-0.

[24] D. Elhaj Mahmoud et al., “The epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in transplant recipients,” Biomed J, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 100719, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.BJ.2024.100719.

[25] J. T. Loh and K. P. Lam, “Fungal infections: Immune defense, immunotherapies and vaccines,” Adv Drug Deliv Rev, vol. 196, p. 114775, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.ADDR.2023.114775.

[26] T. B. Liu, D. S. Perlin, and C. Xue, “Molecular mechanisms of cryptococcal meningitis,” Virulence, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 173, 2012, doi: 10.4161/VIRU.18685.

[27] D. Bose and M. Brizuela, “Fungal Infections of the Oral Mucosa,” StatPearls, Feb. 2024, Accessed: Jan. 30, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585050/

[28] L. E. J. Puebla and L. E. J. Puebla, “Fungal Infections in Immunosuppressed Patients,” Immunodeficiency, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.5772/51512.

[29] D. Bose and M. Brizuela, “Fungal Infections of the Oral Mucosa,” StatPearls, Feb. 2024, Accessed: Feb. 02, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585050/

[30] M. Taylor, M. Brizuela, and A. Raja, “Oral Candidiasis,” StatPearls, Jul. 2023, Accessed: Feb. 02, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545282/

[31] A. B. R. Santosh, K. Muddana, and S. R. Bakki, “Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19,” SN Compr Clin Med, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 1373, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S42399-021-00873-9.

[32] S. Dhar et al., “Deep Fungal Infections of Skin and Role of Histopathology in Diagnosis,” Indian J Dermatol, vol. 69, no. 6, p. 442, 2024, doi: 10.4103/IJD.IJD_419_23.

[33] A. Babu, R. Santosh, K. Muddana, & Shobha, and R. Bakki, “Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19,” SN Compr Clin Med, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 1373, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S42399-021-00873-9.

[34] A. Babu, R. Santosh, K. Muddana, & Shobha, and R. Bakki, “Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19,” SN Compr Clin Med, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 1373, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S42399-021-00873-9.

[35] A. B. R. Santosh, K. Muddana, and S. R. Bakki, “Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19,” SN Compr Clin Med, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 1373, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S42399-021-00873-9.

[36] T. R. Kozel and B. Wickes, “Fungal Diagnostics,” Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, vol. 4, no. 4, p. a019299, 2014, doi: 10.1101/CSHPERSPECT.A019299.

[37] S. Magaldi et al., “Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 39–45, Jan. 2004, doi: 10.1016/J.IJID.2003.03.002.

[38] A. Babu, R. Santosh, K. Muddana, & Shobha, and R. Bakki, “Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19,” SN Compr Clin Med, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 1373, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S42399-021-00873-9.

[39] L. Coronado-Castellote and Y. Jiménez-Soriano, “Clinical and microbiological diagnosis of oral candidiasis,” J Clin Exp Dent, vol. 5, no. 5, p. e279, 2013, doi: 10.4317/JCED.51242.

[40] M. Taylor, M. Brizuela, and A. Raja, “Oral Candidiasis,” StatPearls, Jul. 2023, Accessed: Feb. 02, 2025. [Online]. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545282/

[41] M. Taylor, M. Brizuela, and A. Raja, “Oral Candidiasis,” StatPearls, Jul. 2023, Accessed: Feb. 02, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545282/

[42] H. Mortazavi, Y. Safi, M. Baharvand, S. Jafari, F. Anbari, and S. Rahmani, “Oral White Lesions: An Updated Clinical Diagnostic Decision Tree.,” Dent J (Basel), vol. 7, no. 1, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.3390/dj7010015.

[43] E. E. Seagle, S. L. Williams, and T. M. Chiller, “Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Clin North Am, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 237, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.IDC.2021.03.001.

[44] E. E. Seagle, S. L. Williams, and T. M. Chiller, “Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Clin North Am, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 237, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.IDC.2021.03.001.

[45] E. E. Seagle, S. L. Williams, and T. M. Chiller, “Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Clin North Am, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 237, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.IDC.2021.03.001.

[46] E. E. Seagle, S. L. Williams, and T. M. Chiller, “Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Clin North Am, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 237, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.IDC.2021.03.001.

[47] A. P. Douglas, A. G. Stewart, C. L. Halliday, and S. C. A. Chen, “Outbreaks of Fungal Infections in Hospitals: Epidemiology, Detection, and Management,” Journal of Fungi, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 1059, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.3390/JOF9111059.

[48] E. E. Seagle, S. L. Williams, and T. M. Chiller, “Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Clin North Am, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 237, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.IDC.2021.03.001.

[49] E. E. Seagle, S. L. Williams, and T. M. Chiller, “Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Clin North Am, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 237, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.IDC.2021.03.001.

[50] M. C. Fisher and D. W. Denning, “The WHO fungal priority pathogens list as a game-changer,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 2023 21:4, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 211–212, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41579-023-00861-x.

[51] F. Bongomin, S. Gago, R. O. Oladele, and D. W. Denning, “Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision,” Journal of Fungi, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 57, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.3390/JOF3040057.

[52] K. Benedict, B. R. Jackson, T. Chiller, and K. D. Beer, “Estimation of direct healthcare costs of fungal diseases in the United States,” Clin Infect Dis, vol. 68, no. 11, p. 1791, May 2019, doi: 10.1093/CID/CIY776.

[53] N. M. Martinez-Rossi, N. T. A. Peres, T. A. Bitencourt, M. P. Martins, and A. Rossi, “State-of-the-Art Dermatophyte Infections: Epidemiology Aspects, Pathophysiology, and Resistance Mechanisms,” Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 629, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/JOF7080629.

[54] A. E. Moskaluk and S. VandeWoude, “Current Topics in Dermatophyte Classification and Clinical Diagnosis,” Pathogens, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 957, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/PATHOGENS11090957.

[55] E. Segal and M. Frenkel, “Dermatophyte infections in environmental contexts,” Res Microbiol, vol. 166, no. 7, pp. 564–569, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/J.RESMIC.2014.12.007.

[56] I. Samanta, “Cutaneous, Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycology,” Veterinary Mycology, p. 11, 2015, doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-2280-4_4.

[57] E. Segal and D. Elad, “Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses: Epidemiological Aspects,” Front Microbiol, vol. 12, p. 713532, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3389/FMICB.2021.713532.

[58] N. M. Martinez-Rossi, N. T. A. Peres, T. A. Bitencourt, M. P. Martins, and A. Rossi, “State-of-the-Art Dermatophyte Infections: Epidemiology Aspects, Pathophysiology, and Resistance Mechanisms,” Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 629, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/JOF7080629.

[59] M. F. Petrucelli et al., “Epidemiology and Diagnostic Perspectives of Dermatophytoses,” Journal of Fungi, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 310, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.3390/JOF6040310.

[60] J. Mizumoto, “Two Feet-One Hand Syndrome,” Cureus, vol. 13, no. 12, p. e20758, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.7759/CUREUS.20758.

[61] E. M. Miró and N. P. Sánchez, “Cutaneous Manifestations of Infectious Diseases,” Atlas of Dermatology in Internal Medicine, vol. 40, no. 13, p. 77, 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0688-4_7.

[62] A. M. Al Aboud and J. S. Crane, “Tinea Capitis,” StatPearls, Aug. 2023, Accessed: Feb. 08, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536909/

[63] A. M. Al Aboud and J. S. Crane, “Tinea Capitis,” StatPearls, Aug. 2023, Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536909/

[64] A. K. C. Leung, J. M. Lam, K. F. Leong, and K. L. Hon, “Tinea corporis: an updated review,” Drugs Context, vol. 9, pp. 2020-5–6, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.7573/DIC.2020-5-6.

[65] E. M. Miró and N. P. Sánchez, “Cutaneous Manifestations of Infectious Diseases,” Atlas of Dermatology in Internal Medicine, vol. 40, no. 13, p. 77, 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0688-4_7.

[66] M. A. Ghannoum and L. B. Rice, “Antifungal Agents: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Correlation of These Mechanisms with Bacterial Resistance,” Clin Microbiol Rev, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 501, 1999, doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.4.501.

[67] M. C. Fisher et al., “Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health,” Nat Rev Microbiol, vol. 20, no. 9, p. 557, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1038/S41579-022-00720-1.

[68] R. Sacheli and M. P. Hayette, “Antifungal Resistance in Dermatophytes: Genetic Considerations, Clinical Presentations and Alternative Therapies,” Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 11, p. 983, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3390/JOF7110983.

[69] V. Pai, A. Ganavalli, and N. N. Kikkeri, “Antifungal Resistance in Dermatology,” Indian J Dermatol, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 361, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.4103/IJD.IJD_131_17.

[70] S. Poddar, A. Das, R. J. Hay, and U. Wollina, “Newer Therapies in Dermatophytosis,” Indian J Dermatol, vol. 68, no. 5, p. 515, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.4103/IJD.IJD_829_23.

[71] P. T. McKeny, T. A. Nessel, and P. M. Zito, “Antifungal Antibiotics,” StatPearls, Mar. 2023, Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538168/

[72] H. Kastarinenet al., “Topical anti‐inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp,” Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol. 2014, no. 5, p. CD009446, May 2014, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009446.PUB2.

[73] K. K. Sahu, A. K. Mishra, A. Lal, and R. Gandhi, “Acute generalised skin rash secondary to the Nystatin Oral Suspension,” BMJ Case Rep, vol. 12, no. 5, p. e230600, May 2019, doi: 10.1136/BCR-2019-230600.

[74] P. Keshwaniaet al., “Superficial Dermatophytosis across the World’s Populations: Potential Benefits from Nanocarrier-Based Therapies and Rising Challenges,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 35, p. 31575, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1021/ACSOMEGA.3C01988.

[75] P. T. McKeny, T. A. Nessel, and P. M. Zito, “Antifungal Antibiotics,” StatPearls, Mar. 2023, Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538168/

[76] B. D. Bradbury and S. S. Jick, “Itraconazole and fluconazole and certain rare, serious adverse events,” Pharmacotherapy, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 697–700, 2002, doi: 10.1592/PHCO.22.9.697.34072.

[77] M. A. Patel, V. M. Aliporewala, and D. A. Patel, “Common Antifungal Drugs in Pregnancy: Risks and Precautions,” J Obstet Gynaecol India, vol. 71, no. 6, p. 577, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S13224-021-01586-8.

[78] M. Ghannoum and N. Isham, “Terbinafine,” Kucers the Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition, pp. 2709–2719, May 2023, doi: 10.1201/9781315152110.

[79] S. Nami, A. Aghebati-Maleki, and L. Aghebati-Maleki, “Current applications and prospects of nanoparticles for antifungal drug delivery,” EXCLI J, vol. 20, p. 562, 2021, doi: 10.17179/EXCLI2020-3068.

[80] J. Mall, N. Naseem, Md. F. Haider, M. A. Rahman, S. Khan, and S. N. Siddiqui, “Nanostructured lipid carriers as a drug delivery system: A comprehensive review with therapeutic applications,” Intelligent Pharmacy, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.IPHA.2024.09.005.

[81] Y. P. Hung, Y. F. Chen, P. J. Tsai, I. H. Huang, W. C. Ko, and J. S. Jan, “Advances in the Application of Nanomaterials as Treatments for Bacterial Infectious Diseases,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 1913, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS13111913.

[82] J. Navarro-Partida, C. R. Castro-Castaneda, F. J. S. Cruz-Pavlovich, L. A. Aceves-Franco, T. O. Guy, and A. Santos, “Lipid-Based Nanocarriers as Topical Drug Delivery Systems for Intraocular Diseases,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 678, 2021, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS13050678.

[83] H. Nsairat, D. Khater, U. Sayed, F. Odeh, A. Al Bawab, and W. Alshaer, “Liposomes: structure, composition, types, and clinical applications,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 5, p. e09394, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E09394.

[84] S. Nami, A. Aghebati-Maleki, and L. Aghebati-Maleki, “Current applications and prospects of nanoparticles for antifungal drug delivery,” EXCLI J, vol. 20, p. 562, 2021, doi: 10.17179/EXCLI2020-3068.

[85] M. Ferreira et al., “Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 7, p. 2047, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES26072047.

[86] S. A. Ayatollahi Mousavi et al., “Advances of liposomal mediated nanocarriers for the treatment of dermatophyte infections,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 8, p. e18960, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E18960.

[87] S. Singh, U. Chandra, V. N. Anchan, P. Verma, and R. Tilak, “Limited effectiveness of four oral antifungal drugs (fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole and terbinafine) in the current epidemic of altered dermatophytosis in India: results of a randomized pragmatic trial,” Br J Dermatol, vol. 183, no. 5, pp. 840–846, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1111/BJD.19146.

[88] D. Zhang, W. Liao, C. Chen, H. Lai, and S. Liu, “Terbinafine Hydrochloride Combined With Itraconazole for Fungal Skin Diseases: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Am J Ther, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. E179–E186, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001075.

[89] A. Z. Alkilani, M. T. C. McCrudden, and R. F. Donnelly, “Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 438, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS 7040438.

[90] H. P. Nandure, P. Puranik, P. Giram, and V. Lone, “Ethosome: A Novel Drug Carrier,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, 2013, Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: www.ijpras.com

[91] I. M. Abdulbaqi, Y. Darwis, N. A. K. Khan, R. A. Assi, and A. A. Khan, “Ethosomal nanocarriers: the impact of constituents and formulation techniques on ethosomal properties, in vivo studies, and clinical trials,” Int J Nanomedicine, vol. 11, p. 2279, May 2016, doi: 10.2147/IJN.S105016.

[92] M. K. Bhalaria, S. Naik, and & A. N. Misra, “Ethosomes: A novel delivery system for antifungal drugs in the treatment of topical fungal diseases,” Indian J Exp Biol, vol. 47, pp. 368–375, 2009.

[93] V. Mishra et al., “Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview,” Applied Sciences 2021, Vol. 11, Page 7119, vol. 11, no. 15, p. 7119, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/APP11157119.

[94] N. Akhtar and K. Pathak, “Cavamax W7 composite ethosomal gel of clotrimazole for improved topical delivery: development and comparison with ethosomal gel,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 344–355, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1208/S12249-012-9754-Y.

[95] V. Mishra et al., “Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview,” Applied Sciences 2021, Vol. 11, Page 7119, vol. 11, no. 15, p. 7119, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/APP11157119.

[96] V. Mishra et al., “Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview,” Applied Sciences 2021, Vol. 11, Page 7119, vol. 11, no. 15, p. 7119, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/APP11157119.

[97] S. S, J. S. Lokapur, and P. S. Goudanavar, “A Comprehensive Review on Oleic Acid Vesicles: A Novel Approach to Drug Delivery,” Pharm Nanotechnol, vol. 13, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.2174/012211738531795624 1008074909.

[98] S. Yasaswini, C. Haranath, L. Firdos, R. N. Sai, and T. Satish, “Ufasomes: The Symphony of Drug Delivery,” Journal of Young Pharmacists, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 653–659, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.5530/JYP. 2024.16.83.

[99] S. Yasaswini, C. Haranath, L. Firdos, R. N. Sai, and T. Satish, “Ufasomes: The Symphony of Drug Delivery,” Journal of Young Pharmacists, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 653–659, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.5530/JYP. 2024.16.83.

[100] S. A. T. Opatha, V. Titapiwatanakun, and R. Chutoprapat, “Transfersomes: A Promising Nanoencapsulation Technique for Transdermal Drug Delivery,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 855, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS 12090855.

[101] C. K. Song, P. Balakrishnan, C. K. Shim, S. J. Chung, S. Chong, and D. D. Kim, “A novel vesicular carrier, transethosome, for enhanced skin delivery of voriconazole: characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation,” Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol. 92, pp. 299–304, Apr. 2012, doi: 10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2011.12.004.

[102] N. Aggarwal and S. Goindi, “Preparation and evaluation of antifungal efficacy of griseofulvin loaded deformable membrane vesicles in optimized guinea pig model of Microsporumcanis—Dermatophytosis,” Int J Pharm, vol. 437, no. 1–2, pp. 277–287, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1016/J.IJPHARM. 2012.08.015.

[103] G. P. Kumar and P. Rajeshwarrao, “Nonionic surfactant vesicular systems for effective drug delivery—an overview,” Acta Pharm Sin B, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 208–219, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1016/J.APSB.2011.09.002.

[104] P. Liu, G. Chen, and J. Zhang, “A Review of Liposomes as a Drug Delivery System: Current Status of Approved Products, Regulatory Environments, and Future Perspectives,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 1372, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES27041372.

[105] B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, and P. Walter, “The Lipid Bilayer,” 2002, Accessed: Mar. 01, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26871/

[106] A. Moammeriet al., “Current advances in niosomes applications for drug delivery and cancer treatment,” Mater Today Bio, vol. 23, p. 100837, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.MTBIO.2023.100837.

[107] A. Moammeriet al., “Current advances in niosomes applications for drug delivery and cancer treatment,” Mater Today Bio, vol. 23, p. 100837, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.MTBIO.2023.100837.

[108] S. Sangkanaet al., “Preparation and evaluation of a niosomal delivery system containing G. mangostana extract and study of its anti- Acanthamoeba activity,” Nanoscale Adv, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1467–1479, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1039/D3NA01016C.
[109] R. Mujoriya, R. B. Bodla, K. Dhamande, L. Patle, and D. Singh, “Niosomal Drug Delivery System: The Magic Bullet”.

[110] A. Pardakhty, J. Varshosaz, and A. Rouholamini, “In vitro study of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether niosomes for delivery of insulin,” Int J Pharm, vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 130–141, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1016/J.IJPHARM.2006.08.002.

[111] S. Verma and P. Utreja, “Vesicular nanocarrier based treatment of skin fungal infections: Potential and emerging trends in nanoscale pharmacotherapy,” Asian J Pharm Sci, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 117, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.AJPS.2018.05.007.

[112] P. Keshwaniaet al., “Superficial Dermatophytosis across the World’s Populations: Potential Benefits from Nanocarrier-Based Therapies and Rising Challenges,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 35, p. 31575, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1021/ACSOMEGA.3C01988.

[113] M. A. A. Kassem, S. Esmat, E. R. Bendas, and M. H. M. El-Komy, “Efficacy of topical griseofulvin in treatment of tinea corporis,” Mycoses, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 232–235, May 2006, doi: 10.1111/J.1439-0507.2006.01221.X.

[114] S. Bhardwaj and S. Bhatia, “Development and Characterization of Niosomal Gel System using Lallementiaroyaleana Benth. mucilage for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Iran J Pharm Res, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 465, 2020, doi: 10.22037/IJPR.2020.11288 7.14003.

[115] S. Shirsand, M. Para, D. Nagendrakumar, K. Kanani, and D. Keerthy, “Formulation and evaluation of Ketoconazole niosomal gel drug delivery system,” Int J Pharm Investig, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 201, 2012, doi: 10.4103/2230-973X.107002.

[116] N. Naseri, H. Valizadeh, and P. Zakeri-Milani, “Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Structure, Preparation and Application,” Adv Pharm Bull, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 305, 2015, doi: 10.15171/APB.2015.043.

[117] R. H. Müller, U. Alexiev, P. Sinambela, and C. M. Keck, “Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): The second generation of solid lipid nanoparticles,” Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement: Nanocarriers, pp. 161–185, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-47862-2_11.

[118] I. Khan, K. Saeed, and I. Khan, “Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 908–931, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1016/J.ARABJC.2017.05.011.

[119] M. Üner and G. Yener, “Importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in various administration routes and future perspectives,” Int J Nanomedicine, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 289, 2007, Accessed: Mar. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2676658/

[120] H. Nsairatet al., “Lipid nanostructures for targeting brain cancer,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e07994, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2021.E07994.

[121] S. Arpiccoet al., “Recent studies on the delivery of hydrophilic drugs in nanoparticulate systems,” J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, vol. 32, pp. 298–312, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.JDDST.2015.09.004.

[122] R. Aly, “Microbial Infections of Skin and Nails,” Medical Microbiology, 1996, Accessed: Mar. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8301/

[123] N. J. Khatter and M. A. Khan, “Clotrimazole,” xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, pp. 1–4, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1016/B978-008055232-3.61499-0.

[124] L. Guo, Y. Zhang, and K. T. Al-Jamal, “Recent progress in nanotechnology-based drug carriers for celastrol delivery,” Biomater Sci, vol. 9, no. 19, pp. 6355–6380, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1039/D1BM00639H.

[125] E. B. Souto, S. A. Wissing, C. M. Barbosa, and R. H. Müller, “Development of a controlled release formulation based on SLN and NLC for topical clotrimazole delivery,” Int J Pharm, vol. 278, no. 1, pp. 71–77, Jun. 2004, doi: 10.1016/J.IJPHARM.2004.02.032.

[126] V. L. Beraldo-Araújo et al., “Levofloxacin in nanostructured lipid carriers: Preformulation and critical process parameters for a highly incorporated formulation,” Int J Pharm, vol. 626, p. 122193, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.IJPHARM.2022.122193.

[127] V. Sanna, E. Gavini, M. Cossu, G. Rassu, and P. Giunchedi, “Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as carriers for the topical delivery of econazole nitrate: in-vitro characterization, ex-vivo and in-vivo studies,” J Pharm Pharmacol, vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 1057–1064, Aug. 2007, doi: 10.1211/JPP.59.8.0002.

[128] V. Sanna, E. Gavini, M. Cossu, G. Rassu, and P. Giunchedi, “Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as carriers for the topical delivery of econazole nitrate: in-vitro characterization, ex-vivo and in-vivo studies,” J Pharm Pharmacol, vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 1057–1064, Aug. 2007, doi: 10.1211/JPP.59.8.0002.

[129] J. J. Escobar-Chávez et al., “The tape-stripping technique as a method for drug quantification in skin,” J Pharm Pharm Sci, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 104–130, 2008, doi: 10.18433/J3201Z.

[130] R. Ashfaq, A. Rasul, S. Asghar, A. Kovács, S. Berkó, and M. Budai-Szűcs, “Lipid Nanoparticles: An Effective Tool to Improve the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 24, no. 21, p. 15764, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.3390/IJMS242115764.

[131] N. Akombaetwa, A. B. Ilangala, L. Thom, P. B. Memvanga, B. A. Witika, and A. B. Buya, “Current Advances in Lipid Nanosystems Intended for Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Applications,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 656, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS15020656.

[132] M. R. Bhalekar, V. Pokharkar, A. Madgulkar, N. Patil, and N. Patil, “Preparation and Evaluation of Miconazole Nitrate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Delivery,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 289, 2009, doi: 10.1208/S12249-009-9199-0.

[133] V. A. Duong, T. T. L. Nguyen, and H. J. Maeng, “Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Drug Delivery and the Effects of Preparation Parameters of Solvent Injection Method,” Molecules, vol. 25, no. 20, p. 4781, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES25204781.

[134] M. R. Bhalekar, V. Pokharkar, A. Madgulkar, N. Patil, and N. Patil, “Preparation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 289–296, 2009, doi: 10.1208/S12249-009-9199-0.

[135] R. Neupane, S. H. S. Boddu, J. Renukuntla, R. J. Babu, and A. K. Tiwari, “Alternatives to Biological Skin in Permeation Studies: Current Trends and Possibilities,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 152, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS12020152.

[136] M. R. Bhalekar, V. Pokharkar, A. Madgulkar, N. Patil, and N. Patil, “Preparation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 289–296, 2009, doi: 10.1208/S12249-009-9199-0.

[137] S. Jain, S. K. Jain, P. Khare, A. Gulbake, D. Bansal, and S. K. Jain, “Design and development of solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery of an anti-fungal agent,” Drug Deliv, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 443–451, Aug. 2010, doi: 10.3109/10717544.2010.483252.

[138] S. Jain, S. K. Jain, P. Khare, A. Gulbake, D. Bansal, and S. K. Jain, “Design and development of solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery of an anti-fungal agent,” Drug Deliv, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 443–451, Aug. 2010, doi: 10.3109/10717544.2010.483252.

[139] F. B. Cavassin, J. L. Baú-Carneiro, R. R. Vilas-Boas, and F. Queiroz-Telles, “Sixty years of Amphotericin B: An Overview of the Main Antifungal Agent Used to Treat Invasive Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Ther, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 115, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S40121-020-00382-7.

[140] S. Salama, B. Pharm, C. Rotstein Bsc, and F. Facp, “Reduction in the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B when administered in 20% intralipid,” The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 157, 1997, doi: 10.1155/1997/827297.

[141] J. W. Hiemenz and T. J. Walsh, “Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: recent progress and future directions,” Clin Infect Dis, vol. 22 Suppl 2, no. SUPPL. 2, 1996, doi: 10.1093/CLINIDS/22.SUPPLEMENT_2.S133.

[142] F. B. Cavassin, J. L. Baú-Carneiro, R. R. Vilas-Boas, and F. Queiroz-Telles, “Sixty years of Amphotericin B: An Overview of the Main Antifungal Agent Used to Treat Invasive Fungal Infections,” Infect Dis Ther, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 115, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S40121-020-00382-7.

[143] H. Karathia, E. Vilaprinyo, A. Sorribas, and R. Alves, “Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model Organism: A Comparative Study,” PLoS One, vol. 6, no. 2, p. e16015, 2011, doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0016015.

[144] M. A. Bianco, M. Gallarate, M. Trotta, and L. Battaglia, “Amphotericin B loaded SLN prepared with the coacervation technique,” J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 187–191, 2010, doi: 10.1016/S1773-2247(10)50028-5.

[145] K. Kasemets, S. Suppi, K. Künnis-Beres, and A. Kahru, “Toxicity of CuO nanoparticles to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 wild-type and its nine isogenic single-gene deletion mutants,” Chem Res Toxicol, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 356–367, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1021/TX300467D.

[146] J. Liu, T. Gong, C. Wang, Z. Zhong, and Z. Zhang, “Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with insulin by sodium cholate-phosphatidylcholine-based mixed micelles: Preparation and characterization,” Int J Pharm, vol. 340, no. 1–2, pp. 153–162, Aug. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.009.
[147] B. Do Kim, K. Na, and H. K. Choi, “Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) made of cacao butter and curdlan,” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2–3, pp. 199–205, Feb. 2005, doi: 10.1016/J.EJPS.2004.10.008.

[148] S. Mukherjee, S. Ray, and R. S. Thakur, “Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Modern Formulation Approach in Drug Delivery System,” Indian J Pharm Sci, vol. 71, no. 4, p. 349, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.57282.

[149] M. Boogaerts and J. Maertens, “Clinical experience with itraconazole in systemic fungal infections,” Drugs, vol. 61 Suppl 1, no. SUPPL. 1, pp. 39–47, 2001, doi: 10.2165/00003495-200161001-00004.

[150] A. Govindarajan, K. G. Bistas, C. J. Ingold, P. Patel, and A. Aboeed, “Fluconazole,” Kucers the Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition, pp. 2756–2785, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1201/9781315152110.

[151] L. Zhao et al., “Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing,” Front Pharmacol, vol. 14, p. 1333986, 2024, doi: 10.3389/FPHAR.2023.1333986.

[152] D. A. Safta, C. Bogdan, and M. L. Moldovan, “SLNs and NLCs for Skin Applications: Enhancing the Bioavailability of Natural Bioactives,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 1270, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS16101270.

[153] M. Moazeniet al., “Time to overcome fluconazole resistant Candida isolates: Solid lipid nanoparticles as a novel antifungal drug delivery system,” Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol. 142, pp. 400–407, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2016.03.013.

[154] S. El-Housinyet al., “Fluconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles topical gel for treatment of pityriasis versicolor: formulation and clinical study,” Drug Deliv, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 78, 2017, doi: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1413444.

[155] K. Kuperkar, D. Patel, L. I. Atanase, and P. Bahadur, “Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: Their Structures, and Self-Assembly to Polymeric Micelles and Polymersomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 14, no. 21, p. 4702, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/POLYM14214702.

[156] M. Ghezzi et al., “Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 332, pp. 312–336, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.JCONREL.2021.02.031.

[157] A. Bose, D. R. Burman, B. Sikdar, and P. Patra, “Nanomicelles: Types, properties and applications in drug delivery,” IET Nanobiotechnol, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 19, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1049/NBT2.12018.

[158] A. Bose, D. R. Burman, B. Sikdar, and P. Patra, “Nanomicelles: Types, properties and applications in drug delivery,” IET Nanobiotechnol, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 19, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1049/NBT2.12018.

[159] L. I. Atanase, “Micellar Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural Biopolymers,” Polymers 2021, Vol. 13, Page 477, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 477, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3390/POLYM13030477.

[160] C. Bento, M. Katz, M. M. M. Santos, and C. A. M. Afonso, “Striving for Uniformity: A Review on Advances and Challenges To Achieve Uniform Polyethylene Glycol,” Org Process Res Dev, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 860, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1021/ACS.OPRD.3C00428.

[161] J. S. Suk, Q. Xu, N. Kim, J. Hanes, and L. M. Ensign, “PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery,” Adv Drug Deliv Rev, vol. 99, no. Pt A, p. 28, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1016/J.ADDR.2015.09.012.

[162] I. Negut and B. Bita, “Polymeric Micellar Systems—A Special Emphasis on ‘Smart’ Drug Delivery,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 976, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS15030976.

[163] “Intravenous Drug Administration,” HandbBehavNeurosci, vol. 12, no. C, pp. 5–22, Jan. 1994, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-81871-3.50007-2.

[164] G. D. Nagasa and A. Belete, “Review on Nanomaterials and Nano-Scaled Systems for Topical and Systemic Delivery of Antifungal Drugs,” J MultidiscipHealthc, vol. 15, pp. 1819–1840, 2022, doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S359282.
[165] C. Rodríguez-Melcón, C. Alonso-Calleja, C. García-Fernández, J. Carballo, and R. Capita, “Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for Twelve Antimicrobials (Biocides and Antibiotics) in Eight Strains of Listeria monocytogenes,” Biology (Basel), vol. 11, no. 1, p. 46, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/BIOLOGY11010046.

[166] P. Kesharwani, K. Jain, and N. K. Jain, “Dendrimer as nanocarrier for drug delivery,” Prog Polym Sci, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 268–307, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1016/J.PROGPOLYMSCI.2013.07.005.

[167] P. S. Ray, A. Arif, and P. L. Fox, “Macromolecular complexes as depots for releasable regulatory proteins,” Trends Biochem Sci, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 158–164, Apr. 2007, doi: 10.1016/J.TIBS.2007.02.003.

[168] M. Zenze, A. Daniels, and M. Singh, “Dendrimers as Modifiers of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Delivery in Cancer,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 398, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS15020398.

[169] I. Y. Jeon, H. J. Noh, and J. B. Baek, “Hyperbranched Macromolecules: From Synthesis to Applications,” Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 657, 2018, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES23030657.

[170] S. Tripathy and M. K. Das, “Dendrimers and their applications as novel drug delivery carriers,” J Appl Pharm Sci, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 142–149, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3924.

[171] S. Tripathy and M. K. Das, “Dendrimers and their applications as novel drug delivery carriers,” J Appl Pharm Sci, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 142–149, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3924.

[172] T. Feczkó, “Polymeric nanotherapeutics acting at special regions of body,” J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, vol. 64, p. 102597, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.JDDST.2021.102597.

[173] L. Y. Ing, N. M. Zin, A. Sarwar, and H. Katas, “Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Correlation with Their Physical Properties,” Int J Biomater, vol. 2012, p. 632698, 2012, doi: 10.1155/2012/632698.

[174] T. Roemer and D. J. Krysan, “Antifungal Drug Development: Challenges, Unmet Clinical Needs, and New Approaches,” Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, vol. 4, no. 5, p. a019703, May 2014, doi: 10.1101/CSHPERSPECT.A019703.

[175] J. H. Kim, L. W. Cheng, and K. M. Land, “Advances in Antifungal Development: Discovery of New Drugs and Drug Repurposing,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 787, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.3390/PH15070787.

[176] J. Israr, S. Alam, and A. Kumar, “Approaches of pre-clinical and clinical trials of repurposed drug,” Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, vol. 205, pp. 259–275, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/BS.PMBTS.2024.03.024.

[177] F. Sousa, D. Ferreira, S. Reis, and P. Costa, “Current Insights on Antifungal Therapy: Novel Nanotechnology Approaches for Drug Delivery Systems and New Drugs from Natural Sources,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 13, no. 9, p. 248, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3390/PH13090248.

[178] L. C. Pereira, M. A. de Fátima, V. V. Santos, C. M. Brandão, I. A. Alves, and F. J. Azeredo, “Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Application in Antibacterial and Antifungal Pharmacotherapy: A Narrative Review,” Antibiotics, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 986, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ANTIBIOTICS11080986.

[179] T. Huang, X. Li, M. Maier, N. M. O’Brien-Simpson, D. E. Heath, and A. J. O’Connor, “Using inorganic nanoparticles to fight fungal infections in the antimicrobial resistant era,” Acta Biomater, vol. 158, pp. 56–79, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2023.01.019.

[180] L. Wang, C. Hu, and L. Shao, “The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future,” Int J Nanomedicine, vol. 12, p. 1227, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.2147/IJN.S121956.

[181] R. Abbasi, G. Shineh, M. Mobaraki, S. Doughty, and L. Tayebi, “Structural parameters of nanoparticles affecting their toxicity for biomedical applications: a review,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 43, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1007/S11051-023-05690-W.

[182] H. Van de Ven, C. Paulussen, P.B. Feijens, A. Matheeussen, P. Rombaut, P. Kayaert, G. Van den Mooter, W. Weyenberg, P. Cos, L. Maes, A. Ludwig. PLGA nanoparticles and nanosuspensions with amphotericin B: Potent in vitro and in vivo alternatives to Fungizone and AmBisome. Journal of Controlled Release, Volume 161, Issue 3, 2012, P: 795-803, ISSN 0168-3659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.037.

[183] Vartak R, Menon S, Patki M, Billack B, Patel K. Ebselen nanoemulgel for the treatment of topical fungal infection. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020 May 30; 148:105323. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105323. Epub 2020 Apr 4. PMID: 32259677.

[184] Fabiana Olena Kotwiski, Íngara São Paulo, Paula Iasmin Sena Carneiro, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, César Viseras, Adriana Lanfredi Rangel, Cristiane Flora Villarreal, Elaine Christine de Magalhães Cabral-Albuquerque, Angélica Maria Lucchese. Development of a nanoemulsion containing Lippia origanoides essential oil with antifungal activity by low energy method: From extraction to formulation. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 102, Part B, 2024, 106392, ISSN 1773-2247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106392.

[185] Koushlesh K. Mishra, Chanchal D. Kaur, Anshita Gupta. Development of itraconazole loaded ultra-deformable transethosomes containing oleic-acid for effective treatment of dermatophytosis: Box-Behnken design, ex-vivo and in-vivo studies. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 67, 2022, 102998. ISSN 1773-2247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102998.

[186] Arisha Mahmood, Vamshi Krishna Rapalli, Tejashree Waghule, Srividya Gorantla, Gautam Singhvi. Luliconazole loaded lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles for topical delivery: QbD driven optimization, in-vitro characterization and dermatokinetic assessment. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, Volume 234, 2021, 105028, ISSN 0009-3084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105028.

[187] Yaser Nasirzadeh Fard, Hamidreza Kelidari, Armaghan Kazeminejad, Seyed Jaber Mousavi, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Elham Mosayebi, Mojtaba Nabili, Leila Faeli, Kofi Asare-Addo, Ali Nokhodchi, Maryam Moazeni. Enhanced treatment in cutaneous dermatophytosis management by Zataria multiflora-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier topical gel: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 80, 2023, 104132. ISSN 1773-2247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104132.

[188] Farag M. Mosallam, Eman A. Helmy, Hebatallah A. Nasser, Ahmed I. El-Batal. Novel griseofulvin zinc nanohybrid emulsion for intensifying the antimicrobial control of dermatophytes and some opportunistic pathogens. Journal of Medical Mycology, Volume 34, Issue 3, 2024, 101489. ISSN 1156-5233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101489.

[189] Nidhi Aggarwal, Shishu Goindi, Ranjit Khurana. Formulation, characterization and evaluation of an optimized microemulsion formulation of griseofulvin for topical application. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Volume 105, 2013, P: 158-166. ISSN 0927-7765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.004

[190] Shuang Zhang, Wenting Song, Hangyi Wu, Jiao Wang, Yuling Wang, Zhenhai Zhang, Huixia Lv. Lecithins-Zein nanoparticles for antifungal treatment: Enhancement and prolongation of drug retention in skin with reduced toxicity. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 590, 2020, 119894. ISSN 0378-5173.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119894.

[191] Esraa E. Elshaer, Bassma H. Elwakil, Areej Eskandrani, Salma S. Elshewemi, Zakia A. Olama. Novel Clotrimazole and Vitis vinifera loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Antifungal and wound healing efficiencies. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Volume 29, Issue 3, 2022, P: 1832-1841. ISSN 1319-562X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.041.

[192] Dubey P, Kumar A, Vaiphei KK, Basrani S, Jadhav A, Wilen CE, Rosenholm JM, Bansal KK, Chakravarti R, Ghosh D, Gulbake A. A poly-δ-decalactone (PDL) based nanoemulgel for topical delivery of ketoconazole and eugenol against Candida albicans. Nanoscale Adv. 2024 Aug 2;6(21):5322–36. doi:10.1039/d4na00176 a. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39247866; PMCID: PMC11376195.

[193] Monika Rani, Khushali Parekh, Tejal Mehta, Abdelwahab Omri. Formulation development and characterization of luliconazole loaded−mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MCM−48) as topical hydrogel for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 91, 2024, 105250. ISSN 1773-2247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105250.

[194] Yann Jean Tan, Choy Sin Lee, Hui Meng Er, Wen Huei Lim, Shew Fung Wong. In-vitro evaluation of griseofulvin loaded lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 31, 2016, Pages 1-10. ISSN 1773-2247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2015.11.002.

[195] Maryam Moazeni, Amirhossein Davari, Shafigheh Shabanzadeh, Javad Akhtari, Majid Saeedi, Katayoun Mortyeza-Semnani, Mahdi Abastabar, Mojtaba Nabili, Fozieh Hassan Moghadam, Behrad Roohi, Hamidreza Kelidari, Ali Nokhodchi. In vitro antifungal activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil nanoemulsion. Journal of Herbal Medicine, Volume 28, 2021, 100452, ISSN 2210-8033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100452.